• GSK is inhibited by serine phosphorylation at a residue its

  2021-12-30

  

  GSK-3 is inhibited by serine lcq mg at a residue its N-terminus (Ser 9 in GSK-3β and Ser 21 in GSK-3α) [52], [53], [54]. This raised the possibility that the N-terminal tail may function as a pseudo-substrate by mimicking the pre-phosphorylated substrate. The interaction mode of the pseudo-substrat

• br Conflict of interest statement

  2021-12-30

  

  Conflict of interest statement Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Dr. Linda Console-Bram for her editing of this review, Valentina Lucchesi for help with the figures, and acknowledge funding from NIH/NIDA (DA023204). Introduction G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has emerg

• Transcriptional translational modulators The discovery that

  2021-12-30

  

  Transcriptional/translational modulators. The discovery that β-lactam antibiotics like ceftriaxone enhance the in vivo expression of EAAT2/GLT-1 [31] has pioneered a completely new approach to EAAT modulation, with several additional EAAT activators following in its trail (Figure 2b) [32, 33, 34•, 3

• dpp-4 inhibitors Previous studies have shown that zinc inter

  2021-12-30

  

  Previous studies have shown that zinc interacts with other allosteric modulators at the glycine receptor (Kirson et al., 2013, McCracken et al., 2010, McCracken et al., 2013). Of note, the chelation of zinc via tricine decreases the effects of alcohol at α1-, α2-, and α3-containing glycine receptors

• Shikonin represents naphtoquinonic compound isolated from th

  2021-12-30

  

  Shikonin represents naphtoquinonic compound isolated from the Chinese plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon[20]. Shikonin treatment inhibits AKT and ERK signaling pathways and induces apoptosis through FOXO transcription factors and mitochondrial pathway [21], [22]. Recent results suggest inhibition of l

• The developed method was used to quantify RBC membrane trans

  2021-12-30

  

  The developed method was used to quantify RBC membrane transport of the anomers of three monofluorinated analogs of glucose in a modified medium designed to provide stable metabolic properties of the cells over the lifetime of the experiment. This allowed us to evaluate the specific interaction (spe

• Nowadays there is no information if bifunctionality is an

  2021-12-30

  

  Nowadays, there is no information if bifunctionality is an exclusive trait of the order Methanococcales or if this characteristic is shared by other orders from archaea, like Methanosarcinales. These organisms are mainly methanogenic, and are not able to use exogenous hexoses as carbon source for ce

• br Conclusion br Conflict of Interest JJH has

  2021-12-30

  

  Conclusion Conflict-of-Interest JJH has collaborated with several different pharmaceutical companies during the last 30 years; is currently receiving speaker honoraria from NovoNordisk and MSD and is on advisory boards for NovoNordisk. The author is currently supported by an independent grant

• Introduction br Channel activity Since initial reports of

  2021-12-30

  

  Introduction Channel activity Since initial reports of the Ca2+-activated K+ permeability of erythrocytes (see Gardos, 1958), several ‘criteria’ have been established to certify K+ fluxes as being due to the Gárdos channel. For example, the requirement for Ca2+ at the intracellular face of the c

• Cartilage and subchondral bone synovial tissue interactions

  2021-12-29

  

  Cartilage and subchondral bone/synovial tissue interactions are well-recognized features of joint failure and osteoarthritis[17](seeFig. 1A, B). The intimate mechanical and biological interactions between these tissues are likely to alter the structural organization and function of either tissue. Ho

• While earlier reports on ferroptosis did not clarify mitocho

  2021-12-29

  

  While earlier reports on ferroptosis did not clarify mitochondrial damage and consequent death signaling in this paradigm of oxidative death, evidence from recent studies in neuronal systems strongly suggested a mechanistic link between enhanced lipid peroxide formation and loss of mitochondrial int

• Eltrombopag Despite the central role of

  2021-12-29

  

  Despite the central role of mitochondria in oxidative metabolism, it remains unclear whether mitochondria play a central role in ferroptosis. Supporting this possibility, ferroptosis is associated with dramatic morphological changes of mitochondria, including mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae

• phorbol myristate acetate It is well known that TLR induced

  2021-12-29

  

  It is well known that TLR4-induced inflammation is associated with behavioural alterations including fever, hypolocomotion, altered appetite, anxiety and anhedonia (Dantzer, 2006, Dantzer et al., 2008). The current data demonstrate that while PF3845 potently attenuates TLR4-induced cytokines in the

• Although it is well documented

  2021-12-29

  

  Although it is well documented that FAAH substrates can elicit analgesic effects [for review see [47,48] and that systemic poly I:C administration induces mechanical allodynia in rats [14], to our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that enhancing FAAH substrate levels can modulate TLR3

• MicroRNAs miRNAs are endogenous small RNA molecules nucleoti

  2021-12-29

  

  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNA molecules 20–25 nucleotides in length; they regulate multiple genes by binding to target mRNAs, thereby controlling the stability and translation of protein coding mRNAs (Esteller, 2011, Guo et al., 2010). It has been established that moles calculator of

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